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- 1 Kinh Nghiệm Hướng dẫn Prove that homeomorphism is an equivalence relation in the family of topological spaces 2022
Kinh Nghiệm Hướng dẫn Prove that homeomorphism is an equivalence relation in the family of topological spaces 2022
Pro đang tìm kiếm từ khóa Prove that homeomorphism is an equivalence relation in the family of topological spaces được Update vào lúc : 2022-03-07 11:49:18 . Với phương châm chia sẻ Kinh Nghiệm về trong nội dung bài viết một cách Chi Tiết 2022. Nếu sau khi tìm hiểu thêm Post vẫn ko hiểu thì hoàn toàn có thể lại phản hồi ở cuối bài để Ad lý giải và hướng dẫn lại nha.
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A is
-g-closed , so by Lemma 3.9,
. A is
-closed, so by Lemma 3.8,
. Hence
, i.e., A is
-closed.
4.
-closed Maps
In this section, we introduce
– closed maps.
– open maps,
-closed maps,
-open maps,
-closed maps and
-open maps.
Definition 4.1:
A map
: (X,)(
) is said to be a
-closed map if the image of every closed set in (X,)
is
-set in (
).
Example 4.2:
(a) Let X=Y = a, b, c, d,
=
, X, a, b, a, b, c and
=
, Y, a,a, b,a, c, d. Define a map
: (X,)(
) by
(a) = c,
(b) =d,
(c) = b and
(d) =a.
Then
is a
-closed.
(b) Let X=Y= a, b, c, d,
=
, X, a, b, a, b and
=
, Y, d, b, c, d. Let
: (X,)(
) be the identity map
(c, d) = c, d is not a
-set. Hence
is not a
-closed map.
Definition 4.3: A map
: (X,)(
) is said to be
-closed if the image of every closed set
in (X,) is
-closed in (
).
Example 4.4:
(a) Let X=Y = a, b, c, d, e,
=
, X, a,d,e, a, d, e, b, c, d, e and
=
, Y, b, c, b, c, d,a, b, d, e. Define a map
: (X,)(
) by
(a) = d,
(b) =e,
(c) = a,
(d) =c and
(e) =b. Then
is a
-closed map.
(b) Let X=Y= a, b, c, d,
=
, X,a, b, a, b, c and
=
, Y,a,b, c, a, b, c, b, c, d. Let
: (X,) (
) be an identity
map.
(c, d) = c, d is not a
-closed set. Hence
is not a
– closed
map.
Definition 4.5: A map
: (X,)(
) is said to be
–g-closed if the image of every closed set
in (X,) is
–g-closed in (
) .
In the mathematical field of topology, a homeomorphism, topological isomorphism, or bicontinuous function is a continuous function between topological spaces that has a continuous inverse function. Homeomorphisms are the isomorphisms in the category of topological spaces—that is, they are the mappings that preserve all the topological properties of a given space. Two spaces with a homeomorphism between them are called homeomorphic, and from a topological viewpoint they are the same. The word homeomorphism comes from the Greek words ὅμοιος (homoios) = similar or same and μορφή (morphē) = shape or form, introduced to mathematics by Henri Poincaré in 1895.[1][2]
A continuous deformation between a coffee mug and a donut (torus) illustrating that they are homeomorphic. But there need not be a continuous deformation for two spaces to be homeomorphic – only a continuous mapping with a continuous inverse function.
Very roughly speaking, a topological space is a geometric object, and the homeomorphism is a continuous stretching and bending of the object into a new shape. Thus, a square and a circle are homeomorphic to each other, but a sphere and a torus are not. However, this description can be misleading. Some continuous deformations are not homeomorphisms, such as the deformation of a line into a point. Some homeomorphisms are not continuous deformations, such as the homeomorphism between a trefoil knot and a circle.
An often-repeated mathematical joke is that topologists cannot tell the difference between a coffee cup and a donut,[3] since a sufficiently pliable donut could be reshaped to the form of a coffee cup by creating a dimple and progressively enlarging it, while preserving the donut hole in the cup’s handle.
A function
f
:
X
→
Y
displaystyle f:Xto Y
between two topological spaces is a homeomorphism if it has the following properties:
f
displaystyle f
is a bijection (one-to-one and onto),
f
displaystyle f
is continuous,
the inverse function
f
−
1
displaystyle f^-1
is continuous (
f
displaystyle f
is an open mapping).
A homeomorphism is sometimes called a bicontinuous function. If such a function exists,
X
displaystyle X
and
Y
displaystyle Y
are homeomorphic. A self-homeomorphism is a homeomorphism from a topological space onto itself. “Being homeomorphic” is an equivalence relation on topological spaces. Its equivalence classes are called homeomorphism classes.
A trefoil knot is homeomorphic to a solid torus, but not isotopic in R3. Continuous mappings are not always realizable as deformations.
- The open interval
(
a
,
b
)
textstyle (a,b)
is homeomorphic to the real numbers
R
textstyle mathbf R
for any
a
<
b
textstyle a<b
. (In this case, a bicontinuous forward mapping is given by
f
(
x
)
=
1
a
−
x
+
1
b
−
x
textstyle f(x)=frac 1a-x+frac 1b-x
while other such mappings are given by scaled and translated versions of the tan or arg tanh functions).
The unit 2-disc
D
2
textstyle D^2
and the unit square in R2 are homeomorphic; since the unit disc can be deformed into the unit square. An example of a bicontinuous mapping from the square to the disc is, in polar coordinates,
(
ρ
,
θ
)
↦
(
ρ
max
(
|
cos
θ
|
,
|
sin
θ
|
)
,
θ
)
displaystyle (rho ,theta )mapsto left(frac rho ,,theta right)
.
The graph of a differentiable function is homeomorphic to the domain of the function.
A differentiable parametrization of a curve is a homeomorphism between the domain of the parametrization and the curve.
A chart of a manifold is a homeomorphism between an open subset of the manifold and an open subset of a Euclidean space.
The stereographic projection is a homeomorphism between the unit sphere in R3 with a single point removed and the set of all points in R2 (a 2-dimensional plane).
If
G
displaystyle G
is a topological group, its inversion map
x
↦
x
−
1
displaystyle xmapsto x^-1
is a homeomorphism. Also, for any
x
∈
G
displaystyle xin G
, the left translation
y
↦
x
y
displaystyle ymapsto xy
, the right translation
y
↦
y
x
displaystyle ymapsto yx
, and the inner automorphism
y
↦
x
y
x
−
1
displaystyle ymapsto xyx^-1
are homeomorphisms.
- Rm and Rn are not homeomorphic for m ≠ n.
The Euclidean real line is not homeomorphic to the unit circle as a subspace of R2, since the unit circle is compact as a subspace of Euclidean R2 but the real line is not compact.
The one-dimensional intervals
[
0
,
1
]
displaystyle [0,1]
and
(
0
,
1
)
displaystyle (0,1)
are not homeomorphic because no continuous bijection could be made.[4]
The third requirement, that
f
−
1
textstyle f^-1
be continuous, is essential. Consider for instance the function
f
:
[
0
,
2
π
)
→
S
1
textstyle f:[0,2pi )to S^1
(the unit circle in
R
2
textstyle mathbb R ^2
) defined by
f
(
ϕ
)
=
(
cos
ϕ
,
sin
ϕ
)
textstyle f(phi )=(cos phi ,sin phi )
. This function is bijective and continuous, but not a homeomorphism (
S
1
textstyle S^1
is compact but
[
0
,
2
π
)
textstyle [0,2pi )
is not). The function
f
−
1
textstyle f^-1
is not continuous at the point
(
1
,
0
)
textstyle (1,0)
, because although
f
−
1
textstyle f^-1
maps
(
1
,
0
)
textstyle (1,0)
to
0
textstyle 0
, any neighbourhood of this point also includes points that the function maps close to
2
π
,
textstyle 2pi ,
but the points it maps to numbers in between lie outside the neighbourhood.[5]
Homeomorphisms are the isomorphisms in the category of topological spaces. As such, the composition of two homeomorphisms is again a homeomorphism, and the set of all self-homeomorphisms
X
→
X
textstyle Xto X
forms a group, called the homeomorphism group of X, often denoted
Homeo
(
X
)
textstyle textHomeo(X)
. This group can be given a topology, such as the compact-open topology, which under certain assumptions makes it a topological group.[6]
For some purposes, the homeomorphism group happens to be too big, but by means of the isotopy relation, one can reduce this group to the mapping class group.
Similarly, as usual in category theory, given two spaces that are homeomorphic, the space of homeomorphisms between them,
Homeo
(
X
,
Y
)
,
textstyle textHomeo(X,Y),
is a torsor for the homeomorphism groups
Homeo
(
X
)
textstyle textHomeo(X)
and
Homeo
(
Y
)
textstyle textHomeo(Y)
, and, given a specific homeomorphism between
X
displaystyle X
and
Y
displaystyle Y
, all three sets are identified.
- Two homeomorphic spaces share the same topological properties. For example, if one of them is compact, then the other is as well; if one of them is connected, then the other is as well; if one of them is Hausdorff, then the other is as well; their homotopy and homology groups will coincide. Note however that this does not extend to properties defined via a metric; there are metric spaces that are homeomorphic even though one of them is complete and the other is not.
A homeomorphism is simultaneously an open mapping and a closed mapping; that is, it maps open sets to open sets and closed sets to closed sets.
Every self-homeomorphism in
S
1
displaystyle S^1
can be extended to a self-homeomorphism of the whole disk
D
2
displaystyle D^2
(Alexander’s trick).
The intuitive criterion of stretching, bending, cutting and gluing back together takes a certain amount of practice to apply correctly—it may not be obvious from the description above that deforming a line segment to a point is impermissible, for instance. It is thus important to realize that it is the formal definition given above that counts. In this case, for example, the line segment possesses infinitely many points, and therefore cannot be put into a bijection with a set containing only a finite number of points, including a single point.
This characterization of a homeomorphism often leads to a confusion with the concept of homotopy, which is actually defined as a continuous deformation, but from one function to another, rather than one space to another. In the case of a homeomorphism, envisioning a continuous deformation is a mental tool for keeping track of which points on space X correspond to which points on Y—one just follows them as X deforms. In the case of homotopy, the continuous deformation from one map to the other is of the essence, and it is also less restrictive, since none of the maps involved need to be one-to-one or onto. Homotopy does lead to a relation on spaces: homotopy equivalence.
There is a name for the kind of deformation involved in visualizing a homeomorphism. It is (except when cutting and regluing are required) an isotopy between the identity map on X and the homeomorphism from X to Y.
- Local homeomorphism – Mathematical function revertible near each point
Diffeomorphism – Isomorphism of smooth manifolds; a smooth bijection with a smooth inverse
Uniform isomorphism – Uniformly continuous homeomorphism is an isomorphism between uniform spaces
Isometric isomorphism is an isomorphism between metric spaces
Homeomorphism group
Dehn twist
Homeomorphism (graph theory) – Concept in graph theory (closely related to graph subdivision)
Homotopy#Isotopy – Continuous deformation between two continuous functions
Mapping class group – Group of isotopy classes of a topological automorphism group
Poincaré conjecture – Theorem in geometric topology conjectured by Henri Poincaré and proven by Grigori Perelman
Universal homeomorphism
^ “Analysis Situs selon Poincaré (1895)”. serge.mehl.không lấy phí.fr. Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
^ Gamelin, T. W.; Greene, R. E. (1999). Introduction to Topology. Courier. p.. 67.
^ Hubbard, John H.; West, Beverly H. (1995). Differential Equations: A Dynamical Systems Approach. Part II: Higher-Dimensional Systems. Texts in Applied Mathematics. Vol. 18. Springer. p.. 204. ISBN 978-0-387-94377-0.
^ “Continuous bijection from (0,1) to [0,1]”. Mathematics Stack Exchange. 2011-06-01. Retrieved 2022-04-02.
^ Väisälä, Jussi: Topologia I, Limes RY 1999, p.. 63. ISBN 951-745-184-9.
^ Dijkstra, Jan J. (1 December 2005). “On Homeomorphism Groups and the Compact-Open Topology” (PDF). The American Mathematical Monthly. 112 (10): 910. doi:10.2307/30037630. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 September 2022.
- “Homeomorphism”, Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001 [1994]
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