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The Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) is an American truyền thông franchise and shared universe centered on a series of superhero films produced by Marvel Studios. The films are based on characters that appear in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The franchise also includes television series, short films, digital series, and literature. The shared universe, much like the original Marvel Universe in comic books, was established by crossing over common plot elements, settings, cast, and characters.

Nội dung chính

DevelopmentBusiness practicesFeature filmsTelevision seriesMarvel Television seriesMarvel Studios seriesShort filmsMarvel One-ShotsDigital seriesComic booksAs depicted in the MCUCodifying attemptsRecurring cast and charactersCultural impactOther studiosAvengers CampusDisney WishOther live attractionsLive-action television specialsDocumentary seriesGuide booksVideo trò chơi tie-insA Mini MarvelThe Good, the Bart, and the LokiVideo liên quan

The first MCU film is Iron Man (2008), which began the films of Phase One culminating in the crossover film The Avengers (2012). Phase Two began with Iron Man 3 (2013) and concluded with Ant-Man (2015). Phase Three began with Captain America: Civil War (2022) and concluded with Spider-Man: Far From trang chủ (2022). The first three phases in the franchise are collectively known as “The Infinity Saga”. The films of Phase Four began with Black Widow (2022).

Marvel Television expanded the universe to network television with Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. on ABC in 2013, before further expanding to streaming television on Netflix and Hulu, and cable television on Freeform. They also produced the digital series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot. Marvel Studios began producing their own television series for streaming on Disney+, starting with WandaVision in 2022 as the beginning of Phase Four. The MCU also includes tie-in comics published by Marvel Comics, a series of direct-to-video short films called Marvel One-Shots, and viral marketing campaigns for the films featuring the faux news programs WHIH Newsfront and TheDailyBugle.

The franchise has been commercially successful and has generally received positive reviews. It has inspired other film and television studios to attempt to create similar shared universes with comic book character adaptations. The MCU has also inspired several themed attractions, an art exhibit, two television specials, guidebooks for each film, multiple tie-in video games, and commercials.

Development

Films

“It’s never been done before and that’s kind of the spirit everybody’s taking it in. The other filmmakers aren’t used to getting actors from other movies that other filmmakers have cast, certain plot lines that are connected or certain locations that are connected, but I think … everyone was on board for it and thinks that it’s fun. Primarily because we’ve always remained consistent saying that the movie that we are making comes first. All of the connective tissue, all of that stuff is fun and is going to be very important if you want it to be. If the fans want to look further and find connections, then they’re there. There are a few big ones obviously, that hopefully the mainstream audience will able to follow as well. But … the reason that all the filmmakers are on board is that their movies need to stand on their own. They need to have a fresh vision, a unique tone, and the fact that they can interconnect if you want to follow those breadcrumbs is a bonus.”

Kevin Feige, President of Production for Marvel Studios, on constructing a shared film universe.[1]

By 2005, Marvel Entertainment had begun planning to produce its own films independently and distribute them through Paramount Pictures.[2] Previously, Marvel had co-produced several superhero films with Columbia Pictures, New Line Cinema and others, including a seven-year development giảm giá with 20th Century Fox.[3] Marvel made relatively little profit from its licensing đơn hàng with other studios and wanted to get more money out of its films while maintaining artistic control of the projects and distribution. Avi Arad, head of Marvel’s film division, was pleased with Sam Raimi’s Spider-Man films Sony Pictures, but was less pleased with others. As a result, Arad decided to form Marvel Studios, Hollywood’s first major independent film studio since DreamWorks.[5]

Kevin Feige, Arad’s second-in-command,[5] realized that unlike Spider-Man and the X-Men, whose film rights were licensed to Sony and Fox, respectively, Marvel still owned the rights to the core members of the Avengers. Feige, a self-described “fanboy”, envisioned creating a shared universe, just as creators Stan Lee and Jack Kirby had done with their comic books in the early 1960s.[6] To raise capital, the studio secured funding from a seven-year, $525million revolving credit facility with Merrill Lynch. Marvel’s plan was to release individual films for their main characters and then merge them in a crossover film.[7] Arad, who doubted the strategy yet insisted that it was his reputation that helped secure the initial financing, resigned the following year.[5][8]

Kevin Feige helped conceive of a shared truyền thông universe of Marvel properties.

In 2007, 33 years old, Feige was named studio chief. In order to preserve its artistic integrity, Marvel Studios formed a creative committee of six people familiar with its comic book lore: Feige, Marvel Studios co-president Louis D’Esposito, Marvel Comics’ president of publishing Dan Buckley, Marvel’s chief creative officer Joe Quesada, writer Brian Michael Bendis, and Marvel Entertainment president Alan Fine, who oversaw the committee.[5] Feige initially referred to the shared narrative continuity of these films as the “Marvel Cinema Universe”,[9] but later used the term “Marvel Cinematic Universe”.[10] Since the franchise expanded to other truyền thông, this phrase has been used by some to refer to the feature films only.[11] Marvel designated the Marvel Cinematic Universe as Earth-199999 within the continuity of the company’s comic multiverse, a collection of fictional alternate universes.[12]

In October 2014, Marvel Studios held a press sự kiện to announce the titles of their Phase Three films.[13] By September 2015, after Marvel Studios was integrated into Walt Disney Studios with Feige reporting to Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn instead of Marvel Entertainment CEO Isaac Perlmutter,[14] the studios’ creative committee had “nominal” input on the films moving forward, though they continued to consult on Marvel Television productions, which remained under Perlmutter’s control.[15][16] All key film decisions going forward were to be made by Feige, D’Esposito and Victoria Alonso.[15] Feige mentioned that Avengers: Endgame (2022) would provide “a definitive end” to the films and storylines preceding it, with the franchise having “two distinct periods. Everything before [Endgame] and everything after”.[17]

In December 2022, The Walt Disney Company agreed to acquire assets from 21st Century Fox, including 20th Century Fox.[18] The transaction officially closed on March 19, 2022.[19] The acquisition saw the return of the film rights of Deadpool, the X-Men characters, and the Fantastic Four characters to Marvel Studios, which would “create richer, more complex worlds of inter-related characters and stories”.[18] In July 2022, Feige announced the Phase Four slate San Diego Comic-Con, consisting of films and television sự kiện series on Disney+.[20] In December 2022, Disney’s Investor Day, Marvel Studios provided updates to previously announced films and series, and announced additional Disney+ series and a special, which were confirmed to be part of Phase Four.[21][22] Some of the first elements previously controlled by 20th Century Fox to be integrated into the MCU were the organization S.W.O.R.D. in the Disney+ series WandaVision and the fictional country Madripoor in the series The Falcon and the Winter Soldier.[23][24]

Television

Marvel TelevisionFormer Head of Marvel Television Jeph Loeb served as executive producer of every television series on ABC, Netflix, Hulu, and Freeform

In June 2010, Marvel Television was launched with Jeph Loeb as head.[25] By July 2012, Marvel Television had entered into discussions with ABC to create a show set in the MCU;[26] the network ultimately created the series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., Agent Carter,[27] and Inhumans, which was a co-production with IMAX Corporation.[28][29][30] In November 2013, Disney was set to provide Netflix with the live-action series Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Luke Cage, and Iron Fist, leading up to the miniseries The Defenders.[31] In April 2022, Netflix ordered The Punisher, a spin-off from Daredevil.[32] By February 2022, Netflix had cancelled all of their Marvel series.[33] In January 2022, Feige said “never say never” to potentially reviving the series, but noted Marvel Studios was focused on their new Disney+ series announced that time.[34] In April 2022, the Disney-owned cable network Freeform announced Cloak & Dagger.[35] In May 2022, Marvel announced that Runaways had received a series order from Hulu.[36] In May 2022, Marvel announced that Helstrom had been greenlit for Hulu.[37]

In October 2022, further corporate restructuring saw Feige named Chief Creative Officer of Marvel Entertainment, with Marvel Television becoming part of Marvel Studios and executives of Marvel Television reporting to Feige.[38] In December 2022, Marvel Television was folded into Marvel Studios, with Marvel Studios taking over production of the current series the time; no further series from Marvel Television were being considered for development.[39]

Marvel Studios

By November 2022, Disney was looking to develop a new Marvel television series for their streaming service Disney+.[40] In July 2022, Feige noted discussions had begun with Disney regarding any potential involvement Marvel Studios could have with the streaming service, since Feige felt the service was “an important thing for the company”.[41] In September 2022, it was reported that Marvel Studios was developing several limited series centered on “second-tier” characters from the MCU films who had not and were unlikely to star in their own films. Each series was expected to be six to eight episodes, and would be produced by Marvel Studios rather than Marvel Television, with Feige taking a “hands-on role” in each series’ development.[42] Feige noted the series being developed for the streaming service would “tell stories… that we wouldn’t be able to tell in a theatrical experience a longer-form narrative”.[43] He also added that being asked by Disney to create these series “energized everyone creatively” within Marvel Studios, since they “could play in a new medium and throw the rules out the window in terms of structure and format”.[44]

In July 2022, Feige announced sự kiện series as part of the Phase Four slate San Diego Comic-Con.[20] Three additional Disney+ series for the phase were announced D23 the following month,[45] with four more series announced in December 2022.[21][22] The Phase Four slate includes What If…?, the first animated series from Marvel Studios, and by July 2022 the studio was creating an “animation branch and mini studio” to focus on more animated content beyond What If…?.[46]

In 2008, the first tie-in comic was released.[47] Quesada noted the comics would be set within the continuity of the films, but were not intended to be direct adaptions. Rather, they would explore “something that happened off screen” or flesh out something briefly mentioned. Feige was involved with the creation of the comics, with the film’s screenwriters sometimes as well.[48] Marvel Comics worked with Brad Winderbaum, Jeremy Latcham, and Will Corona Pilgrim Marvel Studios to decide which concepts should be carried over from the Marvel Comics Universe to the Marvel Cinematic Universe, what to show in the tie-in comics, and what to leave for the films.[49] Marvel has clarified which of the tie-in comics are considered canonical MCU stories, with the rest merely inspired by the MCU, “where we get to show off all the characters from the film in costume and in comic form”.[50]

In August 2011, Marvel announced a series of direct-to-video short films called Marvel One-Shots,[51] the name derived from the label used by Marvel Comics for their one-shot comics.[52] Co-producer Brad Winderbaum called the short films “a fun way to experiment with new characters and ideas” and to expand the MCU.[51] Each short film is designed to be a self-contained story that provides more backstory for characters or events introduced in the films.[53]

In March 2015, Marvel’s Vice President of Animation Development and Production, Cort Lane, stated that animated tie-ins to the MCU were “in the works”.[54] That July, Marvel Studios partnered with Google to produce the faux news program WHIH Newsfront with Christine Everhart, a series of in-universe YouTube videos serving as the center of a viral marketing chiến dịch to promote the films and universe.[55] In December 2022, a six-part web series, Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot, was revealed, which debuted on ABC on December 13, 2022. It follows Elena “Yo-Yo” Rodriguez on a secret mission, shortly before the start of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.’s fourth season, with Natalia Cordova-Buckley reprising her role.[56] In September 2022, Sony created a real version of the fictional TheDailyBugle website as part of a viral marketing chiến dịch to promote the home truyền thông release of Spider-Man: Far From trang chủ (2022). Inspired by real-world “conspiracy-pushing” websites such as that of Alex Jones, the website features J. K. Simmons reprising his role as J. Jonah Jameson in a video where he speaks out against Spider-Man before asking viewers to “like and subscribe”.[57][58] In December 2022, Marvel Studios announced I Am Groot, a series of photorealistic animated shorts starring Baby Groot for Disney+.[59][21][60]

Business practices

Joss Whedon was a large contributor to Phase Two, offering creative insight to all its films and launching the first MCU television series, Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., while writing and directing Avengers: Age of Ultron.

Marvel Studios often puts together a “lookbook” of influences from the comics and art by Marvel’s visual development department, to create a visual template for a project. These are put together company retreats, which the studio holds every “18 months or so” to plan out and develop the phases of the MCU. These lookbooks are not always shown to directors, though, with Marvel sometimes preferring to let the director offer their own ideas first.[61] When choosing a director for a project, Marvel Studios looks for filmmakers to hire who are able to guide a film,[62] with some of their choices considered “out-of-left-field”, given a director’s previous work. Feige remarked, “You don’t have to have directed a big, giant visual-effects movie to do a big, giant visual-effects movie for us. You just have to have done something singularly sort of awesome.”[63]

The studio ensures directors are open to the idea of the shared universe and are willing to include connective material, such as Kenneth Branagh and Joe Johnston needing to include Avengers set-up scenes in Thor and Captain America: The First Avenger, respectively.[6] Marvel Studios usually has a big idea they would like to explore or build to in a project, such as Hydra infiltrating S.H.I.E.L.D. in Captain America: The Winter Soldier, with it up to the filmmakers to interpret and “improv a little bit” to get there.[64] After these ideas have been developed, the creative team then begins to explore ideas happening in other future projects to see how to make any larger universe connections.[65] There was large amount of collaboration between the Russo brothers and writers Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely with the other Phase Three directors and writers to make sure “everything line[d] up right” for the MCU’s “culmination” in Avengers: Infinity War and Avengers: Endgame.[66]

Marvel Studios also began contracting their actors for multiple films, including signing actor Samuel L. Jackson to a then “unprecedented” nine-movie contract.[67] Feige said the studio has all actors sign contracts for multiple films, with the norm being for 3 or more, and the 9 or 12 film đơn hàng “more rare”.[68] Actor’s contracts also feature clauses that allows Marvel to use up to three minutes of an actor’s performance from one film in another, which Marvel describes as “bridging material”.[16] By the start of Phase Four, Marvel Studios was no longer contracting actors for a large number of projects, with giảm giá lengths varying for each actor and project. Feige said the studio was looking for actors who were excited to join the franchise and appear in multiple projects without being locked into contractual obligations. He also noted that they were starting to include theme park attractions in actors’ đơn hàng.[69]

In August 2012, Marvel signed Joss Whedon to an exclusive contract through June 2015 for film and television. With the giảm giá, Whedon would “contribute creatively” on Phase Two of the MCU and develop the first television series set in the universe.[70] In April 2022, James Gunn revealed he would be working with Marvel “to help design where [the Guardians of the Galaxy characters’] stories go, and make sure the future of the Marvel Cosmic Universe is as special and authentic and magical as what we have created so far”.[71] By December 2022, because of the impact COVID-19 had on theaters and film studios shifting away from theatrical releases, Marvel Studios began exploring updated contracts for actors, writers, directors, and producers to receive adjusted compensation in the sự kiện a film had to debut on Disney+ instead of in theaters. TheWrap reported it was believed the new contracts would only apply to films about to enter production, and was unclear if any adjustments would be made to contracts for films already completed but not yet released.[72]

For Marvel Television, Loeb explained that they saw themselves as producers providing tư vấn to the showrunner: “we’re involved in every aspect of the productionwhether it’s being in the writers’ room, editing on set, castingevery step of the production goes through the Marvel team to tell the best story that we can.” He added that the studio is able to work on so many series across different networks and platforms because all they needed was one person from the studio working on each series to help “guide the process”.[73] Actors appearing in Marvel Television series, such as Charlie Cox (Matt Murdock / Daredevil in Daredevil) and Adrianne Palicki (Bobbi Morse / Mockingbird in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.), were contractually obliged to appear in a Marvel film if asked.[74][75] When developing the crossover miniseries The Defenders, showrunner Marco Ramirez consulted with the creators of all the individual Marvel Netflix series, having them read each of the scripts for The Defenders and provide insight into the individual character’s world.[76] In December 2022, Feige confirmed that Cox would reprise the role of Daredevil in Marvel Studios MCU productions,[77] with Cox first reprising the role in the film Spider-Man: No Way trang chủ (2022). Additionally, D’Onofrio first reprises his role as Kingpin in the Disney+ series Hawkeye (2022).[78]

Feature films

Marvel Studios releases its films in groups called “Phases”.[79][80] Phase One consists of Iron Man (2008), The Incredible Hulk (2008), Iron Man 2 (2010), Thor (2011), and Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), and concludes with the crossover film The Avengers (2012).[80][81] Phase Two comprises Iron Man 3 (2013), Thor: The Dark World (2013), Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014), Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), and Ant-Man (2015).[80]

Captain America: Civil War (2022) is the first film of Phase Three, and is followed by Doctor Strange (2022), Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2022), Spider-Man: Homecoming (2022), Thor: Ragnarok (2022), Black Panther (2022), Avengers: Infinity War (2022), Ant-Man and the Wasp (2022), Captain Marvel (2022), Avengers: Endgame (2022), and Spider-Man: Far From trang chủ (2022).[80] The first three phases are collectively known as “The Infinity Saga”.[82]

Phase Four includes Black Widow (2022), Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings (2022), Eternals (2022), and Spider-Man: No Way trang chủ (2022), which will be followed by Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022), Thor: Love and Thunder (2022), Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022), The Marvels (2023), Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 (2023), Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania (2023), and Fantastic Four. Several television sự kiện series and a special on Disney+ are also included in the phase.

Television series

Marvel Television series

Marvel Television produced multiple television series set in the MCU across broadcast, streaming, and cable. The “Marvel Heroes” seriesAgents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (20132020), Agent Carter (20152016), and Inhumans (2022)aired on ABC; the “Marvel Knights” seriesDaredevil (20152018), Jessica Jones (20152019), Luke Cage (20162018), Iron Fist (20172018), the crossover miniseries The Defenders (2022), and The Punisher (20172019)streamed on Netflix; young adult series included Runaways (20172019) streaming on Hulu and Cloak & Dagger (20182019) airing on Freeform; and the Hulu series Helstrom (2022) was originally intended to be the start of a planned “Adventure into Fear” franchise.[84]

Marvel Studios series

Phase Four includes the Disney+ series WandaVision (2022), The Falcon and the Winter Soldier (2022), the first season of Loki (2022), the first season of the animated What If…? (2022), and Hawkeye (2022), along with the following upcoming series: Moon Knight (2022), She-Hulk (2022), Ms. Marvel (2022), Secret Invasion (2022), Ironheart, Armor Wars and a series set in Wakanda. The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special (2022) will also be included in the phase, in addition to eleven feature films.

Short films

Marvel One-Shots

Marvel One-Shots are a series of direct-to-video short films that are included as special features in the MCU films’ Blu-ray and digital distribution releases. The films included The Consultant (2011), A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Thor’s Hammer (2011),[51] Item 47 (2012),[85] Agent Carter (2013),[86] and All Hail the King (2014).[87]

Following the One-Shots becoming available on Disney+ in January 2022, Marvel classified the Team Thor mockumentary shorts as One-Shots.[88][89] Team Thor is a series of direct-to-video mockumentary short films that were released from 2022 to 2022, consisting of Team Thor, Team Thor: Part 2, and Team Darryl, all written and directed by Taika Waititi. The three short films are included as special features in the MCU films’ Blu-ray and digital distribution releases. The first two films follow Thor as he moves in with a new roommate, Darryl Jacobson, during the events of Captain America: Civil War,[91][92] while Team Darryl sees Darryl move to Los Angeles and gain the Grandmaster as a roommate.[93]

I Am Groot

I Am Groot is a series of photorealistic animated short films for Disney+ starring Baby Groot going on adventures with new and unusual characters.[59][21][60]

Digital series

WHIH Newsfront (201516) is an in-universe current affairs show that serves as a viral marketing chiến dịch for some of the MCU films, created in partnership with Google for YouTube.[55][94] The chiến dịch is an extension of the fictional news network WHIH World News, which is seen reporting on major events in many MCU films and television series.[95]

Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot (2022) is a digital series created for ABC and produced by Marvel Television that is a supplement to Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.[56]

TheDailyBugle (2019present) is an in-universe current affairs show serving as viral marketing chiến dịch for the Spider-Man films, with the videos initially released on YouTube and later on TikTok. It is based on the fictional sensationalist news outlet of the same name that appears in the MCUitself based on the fictional newspaper agency of the same name appearing in several Marvel Comics publications.[96]

Comic books

Multiple limited series or one-shot comics have been published by Marvel Comics that tie-into the MCU films and television series. They are intended to tell additional stories about existing characters, or to make connections between MCU projects, without necessarily expanding the universe or introducing new concepts or characters.[49][97]

Books

The Wakanda Files: A Technological Exploration of the Avengers and Beyond is “a collection of papers, articles, blueprints, and notes amassed throughout history by Wakanda’s War Dogs” the request of Shuri. It is organized by areas of study and covers the technological advancements throughout the Marvel Cinematic Universe. The book, which exists in-universe, was written by Troy Benjamin and published by Epic Ink and Quarto Publishing Group. The Wakanda Files has content printed with UV ink that can be viewed with Kimoyo beadshaped UV lights included with the book. It was released on October 20, 2022.[98]

Music

Various composers have created the film and television scores of the MCU films, television series, One-Shots, and other related projects of the MCU. Original songs have also been created specifically for use in the franchise, while Brian Tyler and Michael Giacchino have both scored fanfares for the Marvel Studios logo.[99][100]

As depicted in the MCU

During Phase One of the MCU, Marvel Studios lined up some of their films’ stories with references to one another, though they had no long-term plan for the shared universe’s timeline that point. Iron Man 2 is set six months after the events of Iron Man, and around the same time as Thor according to comments made by Nick Fury. Several of Marvel’s One-Shot films also occur around the events of Phase One films, including The Consultant (set after the events of Iron Man 2 and The Incredible Hulk), A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Thor’s Hammer (set before the events of Thor),[51] Item 47 (set after The Avengers),[85] and Agent Carter (set one year after the events of Captain America: The First Avenger).[86]

Wanting to simplify the in-universe timeline, the Phase Two films were set roughly in real time relating to The Avengers: Iron Man 3 takes place about six months later, during Christmas;[109] Thor: The Dark World is set one year later;[135] and Captain America: The Winter Soldier is two years after.[109] Avengers: Age of Ultron and Ant-Man ended the phase in 2015, with several months passing between those films in-universe as in real life.[112] The One-Shot All Hail the King is set after the events of Iron Man 3.[87]

For Phase Three, directors the Russo brothers wanted to continue using real time, and so Captain America: Civil War begins a year after Age of Ultron, with Avengers: Infinity War set two years after that. Producer Brad Winderbaum said the Phase Three films would actually “happen on top of each other” while being less “interlocked” as the Phase One films were,[138] with Black Panther and Spider-Man: Homecoming respectively beginning a week and several months after Civil War;[115] Thor: Ragnarok beginning four years after The Dark World and two years after Age of Ultron,[119][120] around the same time as Civil War and Homecoming;[138] Doctor Strange taking place over a whole year and ending “up to date with the rest of the MCU”;[118] Ant-Man and the Wasp also set two years after Civil War and shortly before Infinity War; and both Guardians of the Galaxy and its sequel Vol. 2 being explicitly set in 2014, which Feige believed would create a four-year gap between Vol. 2 and Infinity War, though the other MCU films up to that point do not specify years onscreen.[139] Following Infinity War, the Russo brothers said future films would not necessarily be set according to real time as there are “a lot of very inventive ways of where the story can go from here”, with both Ant-Man and the Wasp and Captain Marvel set earlier in the timeline;[140] the latter is set in 1995. Avengers: Endgame begins shortly after Infinity War and ends in 2023 after a five-year time jump. It confirms dates for several of the other films, including The Avengers in 2012, Thor: The Dark World in 2013, Guardians of the Galaxy in 2014, Doctor Strange around 2022,[117] and Ant-Man and the Wasp in 2022 the same time as Infinity War. Spider-Man: Far From trang chủ begins eight months after Endgame in 2024.

With Phase Four, Marvel Studios expanded into television series, which have greater interconnectivity with the MCU feature films than the series from Marvel Television.[141] Many of the properties in the Phase are set after the events of Avengers: Endgame. WandaVision is set three weeks after the events of that film, and directly sets up Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness;[44] Multiverse of Madness is also set after Endgame and will tie-in with the first season of Loki and Spider-Man: No Way trang chủ as well.[142][143][144] The first season of Loki continues from the 2012 events seen in Endgame, but much of the series exists outside of time and space given the introduction of the Time Variance Authority. What If…? is set after Loki’s first season finale, exploring the various branching timelines of the newly created multiverse in which major moments from the MCU films occur differently.[145] The Falcon and the Winter Soldier is set six months after Endgame. Eternals takes place around the same time as The Falcon and the Winter Soldier and Spider-Man: Far From trang chủ, six to eight months after Endgame in 2024, while Spider-Man: No Way trang chủ begins immediately after Far From trang chủ, and continues over late 2024. Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings is also set after Endgame. Hawkeye takes place one year after Endgame, during the 2024 Christmas season. Black Widow is set between Civil War and Infinity War, mostly taking place between the main plot of Civil War and its final scene.

Codifying attempts

The official canon tie-in comic Fury’s Big Week confirmed that The Incredible Hulk, Iron Man 2, and Thor all took place within a week, a year before the crossover film The Avengers. Writers Christopher Yost and Eric Pearson tried to follow the logic of the films’ timeline when plotting the comic, and received “the seal of approval” from Feige and Marvel Studios on the final timeline.[148] As promotion for The Avengers, Marvel released an official infographic detailing this timeline in May 2012.

When Spider-Man: Homecoming was being developed, director and co-writer Jon Watts was shown a scroll detailing the MCU timeline that was created by co-producer Eric Carroll when he first began working for Marvel Studios. Watts said the scroll included both where the continuity of the films lined-up and did not lineup, and when fully unfurled it extended beyond the length of a long conference table. This scroll was used as the basis to weave the continuity of Homecoming into the previous films, such as The Avengers. This was labeled in the film with a title card stating that eight years pass between the end of The Avengers and the events of Civil War, which was widely criticized as a continuity error that broke the established MCU timeline, in which only four years should have passed. Additionally, dialogue in Civil War indicates that eight years pass between the end of Iron Man and the events of that film, despite the established continuity being closer to five or six years.[152][153] Infinity War co-director Joe Russo described the Homecoming eight years time jump as “very incorrect”,[154] and the mistake was ignored in Infinity War which specified that its events were taking place only six years after The Avengers.[153] The public response to the Homecoming mistake inspired Marvel Studios to release a new timeline for all three phases, and in November 2022, a timeline, specifying dates for the events in each film released to that point, was included as part of the sourcebook Marvel Studios: The First 10 Years, celebrating the 10-year anniversary of the MCU.

Marvel Studios: The First 10 Years timeline from November 2018Year(s)Feature films[b]19431945Captain America: The First Avenger2010Iron Man2011Iron Man 2, Thor2012The Avengers, Iron Man 32013Thor: The Dark World2014Captain America: The Winter Soldier, Guardians of the Galaxy, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 22015Avengers: Age of Ultron, Ant-Man2016Captain America: Civil War20162017Doctor Strange2017Black Panther, Thor: Ragnarok, Avengers: Infinity War

This timeline ignores the two “eight-year” continuity errors, but also contradicts the events of Black Panther and Infinity War by placing them in 2022. Despite the latter apparent mistakes, Thomas Bacon of Screen Rant described the timeline as “the closest Marvel has yet come to making an official statement on just when the different MCU events are set”, bringing “some sense of balance to the MCU continuity”.

In October 2022, the Marvel section of Disney+ was restructured to include groupings of the films by phase, as well as a grouping that put the films in timeline order. Bacon felt the placement of Thor: The Dark World between The Avengers and Iron Man 3 and Black Panther after Captain America: Civil War in this timeline corrected “previous issues” with their placement in the November 2022 First 10 Years timeline, and was glad Disney and Marvel “recognize[d] it’s possible to watch these movies in anything other than release order”, “legitimiz[ing]” this viewing experience. The Incredible Hulk, Spider-Man: Homecoming, and Spider-Man: Far From trang chủ were excluded since Disney did not have their distribution rights, but Bacon felt The Incredible Hulk could be viewed after Iron Man 2 since it is simultaneous with that film, Homecoming could come after Black Panther, and Far From trang chủ could be viewed after Avengers: Endgame. Julia Alexander The Verge agreed with Bacon that it “seems like Disney finally understands how [some viewers] want to watch Marvel movies”.

As of January 2022, the Disney+ timeline order is Captain America: The First Avenger, Agent Carter, Captain Marvel, Iron Man, Iron Man 2, A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Thor’s Hammer, Thor, The Consultant, The Avengers, Item 47, Thor: The Dark World, Iron Man 3, All Hail the King, Captain America: The Winter Soldier, Guardians of the Galaxy, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, Avengers: Age of Ultron, Ant-Man, Captain America: Civil War, Black Widow, Black Panther, Doctor Strange, Thor: Ragnarok, Ant-Man and the Wasp, Avengers: Infinity War, Avengers: Endgame, Loki, What If…?, WandaVision, The Falcon and the Winter Soldier, Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings, Eternals, and Hawkeye.

Recurring cast and characters

Additionally, Paul Bettany was the first actor to portray two main characters within the universe, voicing Tony Stark’s artificial intelligence J.A.R.V.I.S. in the Iron Man and Avengers films, and portraying Vision in Avengers films, Captain America: Civil War, and the miniseries WandaVision.[244][245][246][166] J. K. Simmons became the first actor to reprise a non-MCU role in the MCU when he appeared as J. Jonah Jameson (a role he played in Sam Raimi’s Spider-Man trilogy from 2002 to 2007) in Spider-Man: Far From trang chủ.[247]

Prior to his death in 2022, Stan Lee, creator or co-creator of many of the characters seen in the MCU, made cameo appearances in all of the feature films and television series except Inhumans. In Iron Fist, it is revealed his on-set photograph cameo in the Marvel Netflix series is as NYPD Captain Irving Forbush.[248] His cameo in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 sees Lee appearing as an informant to the Watchers, discussing previous adventures that include Lee’s cameos in other MCU films; he specifically mentions his time as a FedEx delivery man, referring to Lee’s cameo in Captain America: Civil War.[249] This acknowledged the fan theory that Lee may be portraying the same character in all his cameos,[250] with writer and director James Gunn noting that “people thought Stan Lee is [Uatu the Watcher] and that all of these cameos are part of him being a Watcher. So, Stan Lee as a guy who is working for the Watchers was something that I thought was fun for the MCU.”[249][250] Feige added that Lee “clearly exists, you know, above and apart from the reality of all the films. So the notion that he could be sitting there on a cosmic pit stop during the jump gate sequence in Guardians…really says, so wait a minute, he’s this same character who’s popped up in all these films?”[251] Following Lee’s death, Marvel Studios chose not to create any new Lee cameos in future projects.[252] NY1 news anchor Pat Kiernan has also appeared in multiple MCU films and television series as himself.[253]

Reception

Jim Vorel of Herald & Review called the Marvel Cinematic Universe “complicated” and “impressive”, but said, “As more and more heroes get their own film adaptations, the overall universe becomes increasingly confusing.”[254] Kofi Outlaw of Screen Rant stated that while The Avengers was a success, “Marvel Studios still has room to improve their approach to building a shared movie universe”.[255] Some reviewers criticized the fact that the desire to create a shared universe led to films that did not hold as well on their own. In his review of Thor: The Dark World, Forbes critic Scott Mendelson likened the MCU to “a glorified television series”, with The Dark World being a “‘stand-alone’ episode that contains little long-range mythology”.[256] Collider’s Matt Goldberg considered that while Iron Man 2, Thor and Captain America: The First Avenger were quality productions, “they have never really been their own movies”, feeling that the plot detours to S.H.I.E.L.D. or lead-ups to The Avengers dragged down the films’ narratives.[257]

The metaphor of the MCU as “the world’s biggest TV show” was discussed again, after the release of Captain America: Civil War, by Emily VanDerWerff of Vox, who felt that film in particular highlighted Marvel’s success with the model, saying, “Viewed in complete isolation, the plot of Captain America: Civil War makes little to no sense … [but] when you think about where [Captain America] has been in earlier Marvel films … his leeriness about being subject to oversight makes a lot more sense.” VanDerWerff continued that when thinking about the MCU as a television series, many “common criticisms people tend to level it take on a new context” such as complaints that the films are formulaic, lack “visual spark”, or “shoehorn in story elements” that “are necessary to set up future films”, all characteristics that “are fairly typical on television, where a director’s influence is much lower than that of the showrunner”, in this case, Feige. Comparing the films to the series Game of Thrones specifically, VanDerWerff noted that each solo film checks “in on various characters and their individual side stories, before bringing everyone together in the finale (or, rather, an Avengers film)”, with Guardians of the Galaxy being equivalent to the character Daenerys Targaryen”both separated by long distances from everybody else”. She noted that this format was an extension of early “TV-like” film franchises such as Star Wars, as well as the format of the comics upon which the films are based. “I say all of this not to suggest that film franchises resembling TV series is necessarily a good trend”, VanDerWerff concluded, “For as much as I generally enjoy the Marvel movies, I’m disheartened by the possibility that their particular form might take over the film industry … But I also don’t think it’s the end of the world if Marvel continues on … there’s a reason TV has stolen so much of the cultural conversation over the past few decades. There’s something legitimately exciting about the way the medium tells stories when it’s good, and if nothing else, Marvel’s success shows the film world could learn from that.”[258]

Following the conclusion of season one of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., Mary McNamara the Los Angeles Times praised the connections between that series and the films, stating that “never before has television been literally married to film, charged with filling in the back story and creating the connective tissue of an ongoing film franchise … [Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.] is now not only a very good show in its own right, it’s part of Marvel’s multiplatform city-state. It faces a future of perpetual re-invention, and that puts it in the exhilarating first car of television’s roller-coaster ride toward possible world domination.” Terri Schwartz of Zap2it agreed with this sentiment, stating that “the fact that [Captain America: The Winter Soldier] so influenced the show is trò chơi-changing in terms of how the mediums of film and television can be interwoven”, though “the fault there seems to be that Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. had to bide time until The Winter Soldier’s release”, which led to much criticism.[260]

In January 2015, Michael Doran of Newsarama and Graeme McMillian of The Hollywood Reporter had a “point-counterpoint” debate in response to the first Ant-Man trailer. Doran stated, “Marvel has raised the bar sooo high that as opposed to just allowing another film to finish under the [MCU] bar, we’re all overly and perhaps even eager to overreact to the first thing that doesn’t clear it”. McMillian responded, ” this point, Marvel’s brand is such that I’m not sure it can offer up something like [the trailer] without it seeming like a crushing disappointment … part of Marvel’s brand is that it doesn’t offer the kind of run-of-the-mill superhero movie that you’re talking about, that it’s … least different enough to tweak and play with the genre somehow … The fact that there’s such upset about this trailer being … well, okay … suggests to me that the audience is expecting something to knock their socks off.” Doran concluded, “That does seem to be the point herethe expectations fans now have for everything Marvel Studios … [and] Marvel is going to eventually falter.”[261]

After seeing the portrayal of Yellowjacket in Ant-Man, the antagonist of the film, McMillian noted,

It’s hardly a secret that Marvel Studios has a bit of a problem when it comes to offering up exciting characters for their heroes to fight against … [their] villains generally fall into one of two camps. There’s the Unstoppable Monster … or there’s the Professional White Guy In A Suit With An Ego … No matter which of the groups the above villains fall into, they share one common purpose: evil. The motivations for evil likely differalthough, invariably, they fall under the umbrella of ‘misguided belief in a greater good that doesn’t exist’but that really doesn’t matter, because without fail, there will be so little time in the movie to actually properly explore those motivations, meaning that to all intents and purposes, the villain is being evil for reasons of plot necessity and little else … The strange thing about this is that Marvel’s comic books offer a number of wonderful, colorful bad guys who could step outside the above parameters and offer an alternative to the formulaic villains audiences have gotten used to (and arguably bored with) … In future movies, we can only hope [they are] treated in such a way that their freak flags are allowed to fly không lấy phí.[262]

Following the release of Jessica Jones, David Priest CNET wrote about how the series rescues “Marvel from itself … Jessica Jones takes big steps forward in terms of theme, craft and diversity. It’s a good story first, and a superhero show second. And for the first time, the MCU seems like it matters. Our culture needs stories like this. Here’s hoping Marvel keeps them coming.”[263] For Paul Tassi and Erik Kain of Forbes, watching the series made them question the MCU, with Kain feeling that the “morally complex, violent, dark world of Jessica Jones has no place in the MCU … right now, the MCU is holding back shows like Jessica Jones and Daredevil, while those shows are contributing absolutely nothing to the MCU.”[264] Tassi went so far as to wonder what “the point of the Marvel Cinematic Universe” is, lamenting the lack of major crossovers in the franchise since the Winter Soldier reveal on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., and saying that Jessica Jones is “so far removed from the world of The Avengers, it might as well not be in the same universe all … [I] really don’t understand the point of [the MCU] if they’re going to keep everything within it separated off in these little boxes”.[265] Conversely, Eric Francisco of Inverse called Jessica Jones’s lack of overt connections to the MCU “the show’s chief advantage. Besides demonstrating how physically wide open the MCU’s scope really is, Jessica Jones also proves the MCU’s thematic durability.”[266]

In April 2022, Marvel Studios revealed that Alfre Woodard would appear in Captain America: Civil War, having already been cast as Mariah Dillard in Luke Cage the previous year.[267] This “raised hopes that Marvel could be uniting its film and Netflix universes”,[268] with “one of the first and strongest connections” between the two.[267] Civil War writers Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely revealed that Woodard would instead be portraying Miriam Sharpe in the film, explaining that she had been cast on the suggestion of Robert Downey, Jr., and they had not learned of her casting in Luke Cage until afterwards.[267] This was not the first instance of actors being cast in multiple roles in the MCU, but this casting was called more “significant”, and seen by many as a “disappointing” indication of “the growing divide” and “lack of more satisfying cooperation” between Marvel Studios and Marvel Television following the September 2015 corporate reshuffling of Marvel Entertainment.[267][269]

Speaking to the 1990s setting of Captain Marvel, “the MCU’s first full period piece since Phase One’s Captain America: The First Avenger in 2011”, Richard Newby of The Hollywood Reporter felt the return of younger versions of some characters introduced and killed in earlier films “open[ed] up the MCU in a whole new way and broaden[ed] the franchise’s mantra of ‘it’s all connected'”. Speaking specifically to Clark Gregg’s appearance as Agent Phil Coulson in the film, Newby noted the appearance “doesn’t exactly mend fences between Marvel’s film and TV divisions, [but] it does strengthen the connective tissue and the sense that these characters still matter in the grand scheme of Marvel’s film plans”. He also hoped that continuity from Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. would be maintained in Captain Marvel, especially since Coulson has dealt with the Kree in the series. Newby also added that shifting to different time periods would help Marvel Studios “sustain this cinematic universe for the next 10 years” by allowing them to repeat some of the genres previously used, as they could then feel “fresh” and have “different rules and different restraints,” as well as allow them to build upon material established in the television series such as Agent Carter. He concluded,

Marvel Studios has an entire sandbox to play in, but, for necessary reasons, has largely chosen to remain in a small corner in order to ground audiences in these concepts. Now that the basis has been laid, the opportunity for exploration in both film and television lies ahead, with Captain Marvel leading the way. Wherever Marvel Studios plans to take the MCU in the future, it’s refreshing to know that its past is expansive and filled with infinite possibilities.[270]

Likewise, in his review of Avengers: Endgame, Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal acknowledged the unique achievement that the Marvel Cinematic Universe had accomplished:

These are difficult times for big-screen entertainment. As the medium declines and TV grows ascendant, authentic spectaclesas opposed to lavish embellishments of smallish ideasthreaten to become a thing of the fabled past. All the more reason, then, to cherish what Marvel has achieved, even though befuddling stumbles have occurred along the way. The studio has kept the faith by smartening up most of its films, not dumbing them down, by banking on, and raking in profits from, the audience’s appetite for surprise, its capacity for complexity. When the final battle comes the end of Avengers: Endgame, it’s inevitably unwieldyevery Marvel character you can think of from the past decade shows up for one more assault on cosmic evilbut thrilling all the same, and followed by a delicate coda. So many stories. So many adventures. So much to sort out before the next cycle starts.[271]

In October 2022, filmmaker Martin Scorsese openly criticized Marvel films in an interview and during a David Lean lecture in London, later expanded in an op-ed in The Tp New York Times, asserting that these films are not cinema, but are instead the equivalent of theme park rides that lack “mystery, revelation or genuine emotional danger”.[272][274] He also stated that such films are corporation products that have been “market-researched, audience-tested, vetted, modified, revetted and remodified until they’re ready for consumption”, and that the invasion of such “theme park” films in theaters crowded out films by other directors.[275] Scorsese’s remarks were dismissed by directors of MCU films such as Joss Whedon and James Gunn,[272] while they were defended by Francis Ford Coppola, who described the potential effect of Marvel films in the film industry as “despicable”.[276] Conversely, George Miller stated:

To me, it’s all cinema. I don’t think you can ghettoize it and say, oh this is cinema or that is cinema. It applies to all the arts, to literature, the performing arts, painting and music, in all its form. It’s such a broad spectrum, a wide range and to say that anyone is more significant or more important than the other, is missing the point. It’s one big mosaic and each bit of work fits into it.[277]

Cultural impact

Other studios

After the release of The Avengers in May 2012, Tom Russo of Boston noted that aside from the occasional “novelty” such as Alien vs. Predator (2004), the idea of a shared universe was virtually unheard of in Hollywood.[6] Since that time, the shared universe model created by Marvel Studios has begun to be replicated by other film studios that held rights to other comic book characters. In April 2014, Tuna Amobi, a truyền thông analyst for Standard & Poor’s Equity Research Services, stated that in the previous three to five years, Hollywood studios began planning “megafranchises” for years to come, opposed to working one blockbuster a time. Amobi added, “A lot of these superhero characters were just being left there to gather dust. Disney has proved that this [approach and genre] can be a gold mine.”[278] With more studios now “playing the megafranchise trò chơi”, Doug Creutz, truyền thông analyst for Cowen and Company, feels the allure will eventually die for audiences: “If Marvel’s going to make two or three films a year, and Warner Brothers is going to do least a film every year, and Sony’s going to do a film every year, and Fox [is] going to do a film every year, can everyone do well in that scenario? I’m not sure they can.”[278]

In March 2022, Patrick Shanley of The Hollywood Reporter opined that “the key differences between a regular franchise, such as The Fast and the Furious or Pitch Perfect films, and a shared universe is the amount of planning and interweaving that goes into each individual film. Its all too easy to make a film that exists solely for the purpose of setting up future installments and expanding a world, rather than a film that stands on its own merits while deftly hinting or winking its place in the larger mythos. In that, the MCU has flourished.” He felt that Iron Man “itself was aimed being an enjoyable stand-alone experience, not as an overall advertisement for 17 subsequent movies. That mentality has persisted through most of the MCU films over the past decade, which is all the more impressive as its roster of heroes now exceeds the two-dozen mark.”

DC Entertainment and Warner Bros. Pictures

In October 2012, following its legal victory over Joe Shuster’s estate for the rights to Superman, Warner Bros. Pictures announced that it planned to move ahead with its long-awaited Justice League film, uniting such DC Comics superheroes as Batman, Superman, and Wonder Woman. The company was expected to take the opposite approach to Marvel, releasing individual films for the characters after they have appeared in a team-up film. The release of Man of Steel in 2013 was intended to be the start of a new shared universe for DC, “laying the groundwork for the future slate of films based on DC Comics”.[281] In 2014, Warner Bros. announced that slate of films, similarly to Disney and Marvel claiming dates for films years in advance.[282] That year, DC CCO Geoff Johns stated that the television series Arrow and The Flash were set in a separate universe from the new film one,[283] later clarifying that “We look it as the multiverse. We have our TV universe and our film universe, but they all co-exist. For us, creatively, it’s about allowing everyone to make the best possible product, to tell the best story, to do the best world. Everyone has a vision and you really want to let the visions shine through … It’s just a different approach [to Marvel’s].”[284]

Discussing the apparent failure of the cinematic universe’s first team-up film, Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, to establish a successful equivalent to the MCU, Emily VanDerWerff noted that where the MCU has a television-like “showrunner” in Feige, “the visionary behind Marvel’s entire slate”, the DCEU has director Zack Snyder, whose DC films “seemingly start from the assumption that people have come not to see an individual story but a long series of teases for other ones. It’s like he knows what he needs to do but can’t focus on the task hand. TV certainly isn’t immune to that problem, but shows that get caught up in high-concept premises and big-picture thinking before doing the necessary legwork to establish characters and their relationships tend to be canceled.”[258] Subsequently, in May 2022, Warner Bros. gave oversight of the DCEU to Johns and executive Jon Berg in an attempt to “unify the disparate elements of the DC movies” and emulate Marvel’s success. The two were made producers on the Justice League films, on top of Johns’ involvement in several “solo” films, such as the post-production process of Suicide Squad or the writing process of a standalone Batman film.[285] After the successful release of Wonder Woman in June 2022, DC decided to begin deemphasizing the shared nature of their films, with DC Entertainment president Diane Nelson stating, “Our intention, certainly, moving forward is using the continuity to help make sure nothing is diverging in a way that doesn’t make sense, but there’s no insistence upon an overall story line or interconnectivity in that universe… Moving forward, you’ll see the DC movie universe being a universe, but one that comes from the heart of the filmmaker who’s creating them.” Additionally, DC began focusing on films “completely separate from everything else, set entirely outside” the DCEU as part of a new label, with the first film centered on the Joker.[286]

20th Century Fox

In November 2012, 20th Century Fox announced plans to create their own shared universe, consisting of Marvel properties that it holds the rights to including the Fantastic Four and X-Men, with the hiring of Mark Millar as supervising producer. Millar said, “Fox are thinking, ‘We’re sitting on some really awesome things here. There is another side of the Marvel Universe. Let’s try and get some cohesiveness going.’ So they brought me in to oversee that really. To meet with the writers and directors to suggest new ways we could take this stuff and new properties that could spin out of it.”[287] X-Men: Days of Future Past, released in 2014, was Fox’s first step towards expanding their stable of Marvel properties and creating this universe,[288] ahead of the release of a Fantastic Four reboot film the next year.[289] In May 2014, Days of Future Past and Fantastic Four screenwriter Simon Kinberg stated that the latter film would not take place in the same universe as the X-Men films, explaining that “none of the X-Men movies have acknowledged the notion of a sort of superhero teamthe Fantastic Four. And the Fantastic Four acquire powers, so for them to live in a world where mutants are prevalent is kind of complicated, because you’re like, ‘Oh, you’re just a mutant.’ Like, ‘What’s so fantastic about you?’ … they live in discrete universes.”[289] In July 2015, X-Men director Bryan Singer said that there was still potential for a crossover between the X-Men and Fantastic Four franchises, if reaction to Fantastic Four and X-Men: Apocalypse warranted it.[290]

Feeling that Singer’s efforts in Apocalypse to establish a larger world, similar to the MCU, did not meet the standards established by Marvel, VanDerWerff noted that unlike Feige’s ability to serve as “pseudo-showrunner”, Singer is instead “steeped in film and the way movie stories have always been told”, so “when it comes time to have Apocalypse dovetail with story threads from the earlier X-Men: First Class [directed by Matthew Vaughn], both Singer’s direction and Simon Kinberg’s script rely on hackneyed devices and clumsy storytelling”, indicating a lack of “the kind of big-picture thinking this sort of mega franchise requires”.[258] In his review of Dark Phoenix, Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal characterized the entire X-Men film series as being a “notoriously erratic franchise.”[291] In March 2022, the film rights of Deadpool, the X-Men characters, and the Fantastic Four characters returned to Marvel Studios following The Walt Disney Company’s acquisition of 21st Century Fox.[18][19]

Sony Pictures

In November 2013, Sony Pictures Entertainment Co-Chairman Amy Pascal announced that the studio intended to expand their universe created within the Marc Webb Amazing Spider-Man series, with spin-off adventures for supporting characters, in an attempt to replicate Marvel and Disney’s model.[288] The next month, Sony announced Venom and Sinister Six films, both set in the Amazing Spider-Man universe. With this announcement, IGN stated that the spin-offs are “the latest example of what we can refer to as “the Avengers effect” in Hollywood, as studios work to build interlocking movie universes.”[292] Sony chose not to replicate the Marvel Studios model of introducing individual characters first before bringing them together in a team-up film, instead making the Spider-Man adversaries the stars of future films.[278] In February 2015, Sony Pictures and Marvel Studios announced that the Spider-Man franchise would be retooled, with a new film co-produced by Feige and Pascal being released in July 2022, and the character being integrated into the MCU. Sony Pictures would continue to finance, distribute, own, and have final creative control of the Spider-Man films.[293] With this announcement, sequels to The Amazing Spider-Man 2 were canceled,[294] and by November 2015 the Venom and Sinister Six films, as well as spin-offs based on female characters in the Spider-Man universe, were no longer moving forward.[294][295] By March 2022, the Venom film had itself been retooled, to start its own franchise unrelated to the MCU Spider-Man.[296] A year later, Sony officially announced the Venom film to be in development, for an October 5, 2022 release,[297] along with a film centered on the characters Silver Sable and Black Cat known as Silver & Black. Both projects were not intended to be a part of the MCU nor spin-offs to Spider-Man: Homecoming, but rather part of an intended separate shared universe known as the Sony’s Spider-Man Universe.[299][300] The mid-credits scene of Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2022) hinted Eddie Brock / Venom joining the MCU.[301]

After Sony canceled their shared universe plans and started sharing the Spider-Man character with Marvel Studios, multiple critics discussed their failure replicating the MCU. Scott Meslow of The Week noted the perceived flaws of the first Amazing Spider-Man film, outside of its lead performances, and how the sequel “doubles down on all the missteps of the original while adding a few of its own. We now have a textbook example of how not to reboot a superhero franchise, and if Sony and Marvel are wise, they’ll take virtually all those lessons to heart as they chart Spider-Man’s next course.”[302] Scott Mendelson noted that The Amazing Spider-Man 2 “was sold as less a sequel to The Amazing Spider-Man than a backdoor pilot for Spider-Man vs. the Sinister Six. Had Sony stuck with the original plan of a scaled-down superhero franchise, one that really was rooted in romantic drama, they would have least stuck out in a crowded field of superhero franchises. When every superhero film is now going bigger, Amazing Spider-Man could have distinguished itself by going small and intimate.” This would have saved Sony “a boatload of money”, and potentially reversed the film’s relative financial failure.[303]

Academia

In September 2014, the University of Baltimore announced a course beginning in the 2015 spring semester revolving around the Marvel Cinematic Universe, to be taught by Arnold T. Blumberg. “Media Genres: Media Marvels” examines “how Marvel’s series of interconnected films and television shows, plus related truyền thông and comic book sources and Joseph Campbell’s monomyth of the ‘hero’s journey’, offer important insights into modern culture” as well as Marvel’s efforts “to establish a viable universe of plotlines, characters, and backstories.”[304][305]

Avengers Campus

After the acquisition by Disney in 2009, Marvel films began to be marketed the Innoventions attraction in Tomorrowland Disneyland. For Iron Man 3, the exhibit, entitled “Iron Man Tech Presented by Stark Industries”, featured the same armor display that was shown the 2012 San Diego Comic-Con, with the Marks I-VII and the new Mark XLII. In addition, there was a simulator trò chơi, titled “Become Iron Man”, that used Kinect-like technology to allow the viewer to be encased in an animated Mark XLII armor and take part in a series of “tests,” in which you fire repulsor rays and fly through Tony Stark’s workshop. The trò chơi was guided by J.A.R.V.I.S., who is voiced again by Paul Bettany. The exhibit also had smaller displays that included helmets and chest pieces from the earlier films and the gauntlet and boot from an action sequence in Iron Man 3.[306] The exhibit for Thor: The Dark World was called “Thor: Treasures of Asgard”, and featured displays of Asgardian relics and transports guests to Odin’s throne room, where they were greeted by Thor.[307] Captain America: The Winter Soldier’s exhibit, “Captain America: The Living Legend and Symbol of Courage”, featured a meet and greet experience.[308]

From May to September 2022, Disneyland Resort featured the “Summer of Heroes”, which sees members of the Guardians and Avengers making appearances throughout the Disneyland Resort. Additionally, the Guardians of the Galaxy: Awesome Dance Off sự kiện was featured, which involved Peter Quill / Star-Lord blasting music from his boombox, along with the Avengers Training Initiative, a limited experience where Black Widow and Hawkeye “assemble a group of young recruits to see if they have what it takes to be an Avenger.” Marvel-related food and merchandise was also available throughout Hollywood Land Disney California Adventure during the “Summer of Heroes”.[309]

In March 2022, The Walt Disney Company announced three new Marvel-themed areas inspired by the MCU to Disney California Adventure, Walt Disney Studios Paris, and Hong Kong Disneyland. The developments will be designed by Walt Disney Imagineering in collaboration with Marvel Studios and Marvel Themed Entertainment.[310] As was established with Guardians of the Galaxy Mission: Breakout!, Avengers Campus exists in its own theme park universe that is inspired by the MCU.[311][312] Being in the MCU multiverse, Avengers Campus has a shared history with the MCU proper, with a few notable exceptions being the Blip from Avengers: Infinity War did not occur, and some characters who died, such as Tony Stark, are still alive.[312]

Hong Kong Disneyland

In October 2013, the Iron Man Experience attraction was announced for Hong Kong Disneyland.[313] It is set in the Tomorrowland section of the park,[314] with the area built to look like a new Stark Expo created by Tony Stark after the 2010 one, as seen in Iron Man 2,[315] with various exhibit halls that include the Mark III armor from the films.[314][316] The area also has Iron Man and Marvel-themed merchandise items and memorabilia, plus an interactive trò chơi where guests can have the chance to try on Iron Man’s armor. Iron Man Experience sees guests assist Iron Man in defeating Hydra throughout Hong Kong,[314] and opened on January 11, 2022.

In March 2022, The Walt Disney Company announced a new Marvel-themed area inspired by the MCU to Hong Kong Disneyland and a new attraction where guests team up with Ant-Man and the Wasp, to join Iron Man Experience.[310][318] Inspired by Ant-Man and the Wasp,[319] Ant-Man and The Wasp: Nano Battle! is an enclosed interactive dark ride that sees guests use laser powered weapons to team up with Ant-Man and the Wasp to defeat Arnim Zola and his army of Hydra swarm bots.[319][320] Ant Man and the Wasp: Nano Battle! replaces the Buzz Lightyear Astro Blasters ride,[319] and opened on March 31, 2022.[321]

Disney California Adventure

By San Diego Comic-Con 2022, the Tower of Terror Disney California Adventure was set to be replaced by a new attraction, Guardians of the Galaxy Mission: Breakout!. Chris Pratt, Zoe Saldaña, Dave Bautista and Benicio del Toro all filmed exclusive footage for the attraction, reprising their roles as Peter Quill / Star-Lord, Gamora, Drax and Taneleer Tivan / The Collector, respectively.[322][323] James Gunn, director of Guardians of the Galaxy and its sequel, directed footage for the attraction and consulted on all aspects of it.[324] Guardians of the Galaxy Mission: Breakout! sees visitors assisting Rocket to rescue the other Guardians from the Collector’s fortress, while the attraction features randomized events during the experience and music inspired by the Awesome Mix Vol. 1 soundtrack. The attraction opened on May 27, 2022.[309]

In March 2022, The Walt Disney Company announced a new Marvel-themed area inspired by the MCU Disney California Adventure, anchored by Mission: Breakout!, that sees characters from the MCU such as Iron Man and Spider-Man join the Guardians of the Galaxy in a “completely immersive superhero universe.” The area replaced the “A Bug’s Land” area, which closed in mid-2022 to start construction on the Marvel area.[310][318] Tom Holland reprises his role as Peter Parker / Spider-Man in the attraction Web Slingers: A Spider-Man Adventure, in which Parker has set up W.E.B. (the Worldwide Engineers Brigade) to inspire a new generation to use technology to save the world. Riders are recruited by Spider-Man into the initiative to stop his malfunctioning Spider-Bots.[325]

Walt Disney Studios Park

In March 2022, The Walt Disney Company announced a new Marvel-themed area inspired by the MCU to Disneyland Paris’ Walt Disney Studios Park. The area will include a reimagined attraction where riders will team up with Iron Man and other Avengers on a “hyper-kinetic adventure” in 2022. The park also hosted the “Summer of Super Heroes” live-action stage show from JuneSeptember 2022.[310][318]

Disney Wish

In July 2022, the immersive family dining experience “Avengers: Quantum Encounter” the Worlds of Marvel restaurant on the Disney Wish cruise line was announced, which would debut when the cruise begins voyages on June 9, 2022.[326] The experience takes place during dinner with interactive elements and a full CGI recreation of the Wish’s upper decks.[327] Paul Rudd, Evangeline Lilly, Anthony Mackie, Brie Larson, and Kerry Condon will reprise their MCU roles, while Ross Marquand will voice Ultron after previously doing so in What If…?, in which he replaced James Spader.[328]

Other live attractions

Avengers S.T.A.T.I.O.N.

In May 2014, the Avengers S.T.A.T.I.O.N. (Scientific Training and Tactical Intelligence Operative Network) exhibit opened the Discovery Times Square center. The exhibit features replica set pieces, as well as actual props from the films, mixed with interactive technology and information, crafted through a partnership with NASA and other scientists. Titus Welliver also provides a “debrief” to visitors, reprising his role as S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Felix Blake. Created by Victory Hill Exhibits, Avengers S.T.A.T.I.O.N. cost $7.5million to create, and ran through early September 2015.

The exhibit also opened in South Korea the War Memorial of Korea in April 2015,[332][333] in Paris, France, Esplanade de La Défense a year later, and in Las Vegas the Treasure Island Hotel and Casino in June 2022.[333] The Las Vegas version of the exhibit featured updated character details and corresponding science to incorporate the Marvel films that have released since the original exhibit in Tp New York. Additionally, the Las Vegas version features Cobie Smulders reprising her role as Maria Hill to “debrief” visitors, replacing Welliver.[334]

GOMA exhibit

An art exhibit, titled Marvel: Creating the Cinematic Universe, was displayed exclusively the Queensland Gallery of Modern Art (GOMA) from May to September 2022. The exhibit, which included “300 plus objects, films, costumes, drawings and other ephemera”, featured content “from the collection of Marvel Studios and Marvel Entertainment and private collections” with “significant focus [given] to the creative artists who translate the drawn narrative to the screen through production design and storyboarding, costume and prop design, and special effects and post-production”. Marvel: Creating the Cinematic Universe was also extended to GOMA’s Australian Cinémathèque with a retrospective of the MCU films.[335]

Avengers: Damage Control

In October 2022, Marvel Studios and ILMxLAB announced the virtual reality experience Avengers: Damage Control. The experience would be available for a limited time starting in mid-October 2022 select Void VR locations. Avengers: Damage Control sees players taking control of one of Shuri’s Emergency Response Suitswhich combine Wakandan and Stark Industries technologiesto defeat a threat alongside Doctor Strange, Ant-Man, and the Wasp. Letitia Wright, Benedict Cumberbatch, Paul Rudd, and Evangeline Lilly all reprise their MCU roles,[336] while Ross Marquand voices Ultron, replacing James Spader.[337] The experience was extended to the end of 2022.[338]

Live-action television specials

Marvel Studios: Assembling a Universe (2014)

On March 18, 2014, ABC aired a one-hour television special titled Marvel Studios: Assembling a Universe, which documented the history of Marvel Studios and the development of the Marvel Cinematic Universe, and included exclusive interviews and behind-the-scenes footage from all of the films, One-Shots and Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., and sneak peeks of Avengers: Age of Ultron, Captain America: The Winter Soldier, Guardians of the Galaxy, unaired episodes of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.,[339] and Ant-Man.[340] Brian Lowry of Variety felt the special, “contains a pretty interesting business and creative story. While it might all make sense in hindsight, there was appreciable audacity in Marvel’s plan to release five loosely connected movies from the same hero-filled world, beginning with the cinematically unproven Iron Man and culminating with superhero team The Avengers. As such, this fast-moving hour qualifies as more than just a cut-and-paste job from electronic press kits, although there’s an element of that, certainly.”[341] The special was released on September 9, 2014 on the home truyền thông for Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 1.[342]

Marvel 75 Years: From Pulp to Pop! (2014)

In September 2014, Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. executive producer Jeffrey Bell stated that in order to meet production demands and avoid having to air repeat episodes, ABC would likely air a Marvel special in place of a regular installment some point during the first ten episodes of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.’s second season.[343] In October, the special was revealed to be Marvel 75 Years: From Pulp to Pop!, which was hosted by Emily VanCamp, who portrays Agent 13 in Captain America: The Winter Soldier, and aired on November 4, 2014.[344] The special features behind the scenes footage from Avengers: Age of Ultron and Ant-Man, as well as footage from the Agent Carter television series previously screened Tp New York Comic-Con.[345] Brian Lowry of Variety felt an hour for the special did not “do the topic justice” adding, “For anyone who has seen more than one Marvel movie but would shrug perplexedly the mention of Jack Kirby or Steve Ditko, Marvel 75 Years: From Pulp To Pop! should probably be required viewing. Fun, fast-paced and encompassing many of the company’s highlights along with a few lowlights, it’s a solid primer on Marvel’s history, while weaving in inevitable self-promotion and synergistic plugs.”[346] Eric Goldman of IGN also wished the special had been longer, adding, “Understandably, the more you already know about Marvel, the less you’ll be surprised by Marvel 75 Years: From Pulp to Pop!, but it’s important to remember who this special is really made for a mainstream audience who have embraced the Marvel characters, via the hugely successful movies, in a way no one could have imagined.”[345]

Marvel Studios: Expanding the Universe (2022)

In November 2022, Disney+ announced that the streaming platform would include Expanding the Universe, a special that features a look the original MCU TV series for Disney+, with interviews and concept art.[347]

Bilibili New Year’s Gala (2022)

A Marvel-themed orchestra performance of an extended version of Brian Tyler’s Marvel Studios theme and Alan Silvestri’s theme from The Avengers took place during China’s Bilibili New Year’s Gala on December 31, 2022, to promote the 2022 Marvel Studios film releases.[348][349]

Marvel Studios’ 2022 Disney+ Day Special (2022)

A special titled Marvel Studios’ 2022 Disney+ Day Special, which looked the future of the MCU on Disney+, was released on the service on November 12, 2022, as part of its “Disney+ Day” celebration.[350][351]

Documentary series

Marvel Studios: Legends (2022)

Announced in December 2022, this series examines individual heroes, villains, moments, and objects from the Marvel Cinematic Universe and how they connect, in anticipation of the upcoming stories that will feature them in Phase Four.[352][353] Marvel Studios: Legends premiered on Disney+ on January 8, 2022, with the release of the first two episodes.[352] Additional episodes were released ahead of a character and objects’ appearances in Disney+ series and films.[352][354]

Marvel Studios: Assembled (2022)

Announced in February 2022, each special of the documentary series goes behind the scenes of the making of the MCU films and television series with cast members and additional creatives. Marvel Studios: Assembled premiered on Disney+ on March 12, 2022, with the release of the first special, followed by additional specials.[355]

Super Women of the MCU

In June 2022, Marvel Studios released a casting call for fans of “Marvel’s strong women” to be a part of an upcoming Disney+ documentary series showcasing the women who create the MCU in front of and behind the camera.[356]

Guide books

In September 2015, Marvel announced the Guidebook to the Marvel Cinematic Universe, named as a nod to the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe. Each guidebook is compiled by Mike O’Sullivan and the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe team, with cover art from Mike del Mundo and Pascal Campion, and features facts about the MCU films, film-to-comic comparisons, and production stills. Guidebook to the Marvel Cinematic Universe: Marvel’s Iron Man, Guidebook to the Marvel Cinematic Universe: Marvel’s Incredible Hulk / Marvel’s Iron Man 2,[357] Guidebook to the Marvel Cinematic Universe: Marvel’s Thor,[358] and Guidebook to the Marvel Cinematic Universe: Marvel’s Captain America: The First Avenger[359] released each month from October 2015 to January 2022, respectively.

In November 2022, Marvel and Titan Publishing Group released Marvel Studios: The First Ten Years to celebrate the first ten years of the Marvel Cinematic Universe which featured cast interviews, in-depth sections on each film, and an Easter egg guide.[360] In October 2022, a two-volume book The Story of Marvel Studios: The Making of the Marvel Cinematic Universe was released, written by Tara Bennett and Paul Terry. This collection features a look the evolution of Marvel Studios, personal stories from the 23-film “Infinity Saga”, and interviews with cast and crew members.[361]

Video trò chơi tie-ins

A Mini Marvel

In February 2022, a commercial for Coca-Cola mini cans aired during Super Bowl 50. A Mini Marvel was created by Wieden+Kennedy for Coca-Cola through a partnership with Marvel, and was directed by the Russo brothers.[384][385] In the ad, Ant-Man (voiced by Paul Rudd, reprising his role) and the Hulk first fight, and then bond, over a Coke mini can.[384] Luma Pictures provided visual effects for the spot, having worked previously with the two characters in MCU films. For the Hulk, Luma redefined its previous muscular system and simulation process to create and render the character, while Ant-Man received new motion capture.[385] The Super Bowl chiến dịch extended to “limited-edition Coke mini cans [six packs] that are emblazoned with images of Marvel characters, including Hulk, Ant-Man, Black Widow, [Falcon, Iron Man] and Captain America.” Consumers had the opportunity to purchase the cans by finding hidden clues in the commercial, though “if the program goes well, Coke will consider making the cans available in stores.”[384] The ad had the third most social truyền thông activity of all the film-related trailers that aired during the trò chơi,[386] and was nominated for Outstanding Visual Effects in a Commercial the 15th Visual Effects Society Awards.[387]

The Good, the Bart, and the Loki

In June 2022, The Simpsons short film The Good, the Bart, and the Loki was announced, which released alongside “Journey into Mystery”, the fifth episode of Loki on Disney+. The short sees Loki teaming up with Bart Simpson in a crossover that pays homage to the heroes and villains of the MCU. Hiddleston reprises his role as Loki in the short.[388]

See also

Notes

^ Loki and What If…? are excluded from the diagram because they occur outside of the main timeline. Disney+’s timeline order places Loki and What If…? between Avengers: Endgame and WandaVision.[103][104]^ The Incredible Hulk, Spider-Man: Homecoming, and Ant-Man and the Wasp are discussed in the Marvel Studios: The First 10 Years sourcebook, but their events are not included in the timeline.

References

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