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A Network Topology is the arrangement of the various elements (links and nodes) of a computer network. Essentially, it is the topological structure of a network, and may be depicted physically or logically.

There are 5 different types of network Topologies commonly used in communication systems.
These Include:

    StarBusRingHybridWireless networks

Each topology system uses a different method and compilation of mediums to essentially transport a message or piece of data to a computer, referred to as a node. Each topology network is physically expressed as a unique structure that represent the elements of a communications system. For example a hub,  node, cable and interface connectors

The 5 different types of topologies networks are expressed as follows:

When choosing a networking system in communication, it is important to analyse the effectiveness and usefulness of the networking type, to the particular context. In doing so, it is appropriate to understand that each topology system has it’s advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages

    Signals don’t necessarily get transmitted to all the workstations. A sent signal reaches the intended destination after passing through no more than 3-4 devices and 2-3 links.Easy to connect new nodes or devices. In star topology new nodes can be added easily without affecting rest of the network. Similarly components can also be removed easily.Centralised management. It helps in monitoring the networkFailure of one node or link doesn’t affect the rest of network. At the same time its easy to detect the failure and troubleshoot it.

Disadvantages

    A major disadvantage of this network topology is that if the central hub fails, all computers connected to that hub would be disconnected. Dependent on a central hub rather than an individual and reliable network source.The use of hub, a router or a switch as central device increases the overall cost of the network.Performance and as well number of nodes which can be added in such topology is depended on capacity of central device.More software is required to run the network efficiently.

Advantages

    Easy to implement and extend
    Well suited for temporary networks (quick setup)
    Initially less expensive than other topologies
    The linear bus network is well-suited for LAN

Disadvantages

    Difficult to administer/troubleshoot.
    Limited cable length and number of stations.
    If there is a problem with the cable, the entire network goes down.
    Maintenance costs may be higher in the long run.
    Performance degrades as additional computers are added or on heavy traffic.
    Low security (all computers on the bus can see all data transmissions).
    One virus in the network will affect all of them
    Proper termination is required.(loop must be in closed path).
    If one node fails, the whole network will shut down.
    If many computers are attached, the amount of data flowing causes the network to slow down.

Advantages

    Unlike other networks, fault detection and troubleshooting is easy in this type of topology. The part in which fault is detected can be isolated from the rest of network and required corrective measures can be taken, WITHOUT affecting the functioning of rest of the network.
    Its easy to increase the size of network by adding new components, without disturbing existing architecture.
    Hybrid Network can be designed according to the requirements of the organization and by optimizing the available resources. Special care can be given to nodes where traffic is high as well as where chances of fault are high.
    Hybrid topology is the combination of two or more topologies, so we can design it in such a way that strengths of constituent topologies are maximised while there weaknesses are neutralised. For example we saw Ring Topology has good data reliability (achieved by use of tokens) and Star topology has high tolerance capability (as each node is not directly connected to other but through central device), so these two can be used effectively in hybrid star-ring topology.

Disadvantages

    One of the biggest drawbacks of the hybrid topology is its design. Its not easy to design this type of architecture and its a tough job for designers. Configuration and installation process needs to be very efficient.
    The hubs used to connect two distinct networks, are very expensive. These hubs are different from usual hubs as they need to be intelligent enough to work with different architectures and should be function even if a part of network is down.
    As hybrid architectures are usually larger in scale, they require a lot of cables, cooling systems, sophisticate network devices, etc.

Advantages

    Data is quickly transferred
    The transmission of data is relatively simple as packets travel in one direction only.
    Adding additional nodes has very little impact on bandwidth
    It prevents network collisions because of the truyền thông access method or architecture required

Disadvantages

    Data packets must pass through every computer between the sender and recipient therefore this makes it slower.
    If any of the nodes fail then the ring is broken and data cannot be transmitted successfully.
    It is difficult to troubleshoot the ring.
    Because all stations are wired together, to add a station you must shut down the network temporarily.
    In order for all computers to communicate with each other, all computers must be turned on.
    Total dependence upon the one cable

Advantages

    Allows for wireless remote access
    The network can be expanded without disruption to current users
    Wi-Fi access points are available in capacities supporting anywhere from 15 to as many as 254 users
    Direct communication between devices
    Support various devices such as mobile phones, laptops, tablets, PC’s etc.
    Because Wi-Fi is a true standard, you can mix and match access point and wireless hardware to meet your desired price, performance, and feature requirements for your wireless network
    the wireless nature of such networks allows users to access network resources from nearly any convenient location within their primary networking environment(a home or office).
    Wireless networks have a variety of access points that can be found within private contained areas, or public environments.

Disadvantages

    There are potential security issues associated with wireless transmissions
    Limited speed in comparison to other topologies
    Limited access range.While sufficient for a typical home, it will be insufficient in a larger structure. To obtain additional range, repeaters or additional access points will have to be purchased. Costs for these items can add up quickly.

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